A lime softener is actually a reactor, a precipitator and a clarifier. I also included chemical costs to make comparisons but the chemical price figures will need adjusted as they are very old. 3.1. Lime-enhanced softening can also be used to remove arsenic from water. Alkalinity removal is described in Section 3.2.2 Chemicals (purpose & function). . Calculator Net acidity = potential acidity + existing acidity * The factor 1.02 is used to stoichiometrically convert units of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) to units of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) A minimum safety factor of 1.5 should be used In many communities lime softening processes do . 2 pg. Produced specifically for water treatment operator training, this new video illustrates and explains lime softening processes, chemistry, and feed calculations. Also there are logical choices and numerous equations used in calculating chemical dosages for lime soda water softening . Lime is also used to combat "red water" by neutralizing the . High concentration of silica causes. The lime-softening methods above require time, special chemicals, and a pH meter to conduct successfully. In the lime-softening process, the pH of the water being treated is raised sufficiently to precipitate calcium carbonate and, if necessary, magnesium hydroxide. 6 pg. Is Alkalinity > Hardness or is Hardness > Alkalinity) in calculating the types of hardness in a water supply source. Is Alkalinity > Hardness or is Hardness > Alkalinity) in calculating the types of hardness in a water supply source. Calculate how much lime and soda ash are required to soften a raw water with a total hardness = 215 mg/L (as CaCO_{3}) or 2.15 10^{3} . Therefore, they are more effectively removed by warm lime softening than by cold lime softening. Straight lime Our hot lime system is designed for treating produced water (seperated from oil emulsion). Ecodyne can customize the basic Reactivator-Clarifier design to accommodate cold lime or warm lime operation as required for TSS hardness, alkalinity and silica removal. It's just a simple spread sheet showing # of hydrated lime and Magox to be used with a varying alkalinty and Mg content of the raw water. Calculation explanations 3.1.1. The lime softening reaction is relatively slow, and will continue downstream of the clarifier, exceeding the solubility of calcium carbonate in the clarified water. In the lime-softening process, the pH of the water being treated is raised sufficiently to precipitate calcium carbonate and, if necessary, magnesium hydroxide. Hardness definition: A. Hardness is the term often used to characterize a water that : Dose form a foam or lather well and cause soap scum Ca2+ + (Soap)- Ca(Soap) 2 (s) This increase the amount of soap needed for washing cause scaling on pipes and hot boilers. How does the lime-softening process work? The limesoda uses lime, Ca(OH) 2 and soda ash, Na 2 CO 3, to precipitate hardness from solution. Use calcitic lime if the Ca:Mg ratio is below 7:1. Lime Softeners. Program pre-calculations49 Calculate CO 2 . The lime sludge bed can filter the oil in water. The block flow diagram of a typical lime softener is depicted in Fig - 1. lime softening. Since the amounts added are rather small it is advantageous to prepare 5% by weight lime milk by simply mixing 10g lime with 90g . Click "calculate", and the calculator will return the total hardness in mg/L of CaCo3. The normal pH of water is between 6.5-8.5. Cold & Warm. The normal pH of water is between 6.5-8.5. Is 220 PPM hard water? With the conversion calculators you can convert the units that are most commonly used. In both calculation methods, lime and soda ash dosages depends on carbonate and non-carbonate hardness in the water. If the Ca:Mg ratio is in between 7 and 10, look at the base . Thus the minimum calcium hardness can be achieved is about 30 mg/L as CaCO3, and the magnesium hardness is about 10 mg/L as CaCO3. due to its advantages: produces less sludge than lime, or lime-soda ash processes. Stricter drinking water regulations for arsenic have increased the need for this treatment. Example 21. Water will stop at nothing to find equilibrium.so when it's hungry for calcium, it will aggressively look for it. You just type in the numbers and the spread sheet calculates the chemical requirements. Sodium aluminate has a special advantage as a coagulant in lime-soda softening since unlike most other coagulants it is alkaline and also contributes to the softening reactions', particularly in reducing magnesium. LIME CALCULATORS By Percent of Lime, Depth, Soil Density and Total Square Yards of Project INSTRUCTIONS: FILL IN PERCENT OF LIME, DEPTH, DRY WEIGHT OF SOIL AND SQUARE YARDS. Now calculate the amount of lime needed to precipitate all alkalinity in these small water samples. Sketch a drawing of a typical lime softening facility, identifying processes and points of chemical addition in the appropriate order for each of the following: 1. The chief operator at the plant reduced the lime feed to save money. Calculations are presented for daily chemical requirements and solids production rates. When hydrated lime, Ca (OH)2, is added to the water being treated, the following reactions occur: CO2 + Ca (OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O Ca (HCO3)2 + Ca (OH)2 = 2CaCO3 + 2H2O THE REST IS AUTOMATIC. LSI between -0.30 and +0.30 is the widely accepted range, while 0.00 is perfect equilibrium. Lime soda softening is the subject of this course, which includes coverage of calculating the different types of hardness in a water sample from lab analysis results, conversions among different units for hardness, information about three lime soda water softening process alternatives (two stage excess lime water softening, split treatment, and Enter ppm Mg. Be able to calculate the lime, soda ash, and carbon dioxide dosages needed for the two stage excess lime softening process, if concentrations are known or can be calculated for CO2, calcium carbonate hardness, calcium noncarbonate hardness, magnesium carbonate hardness, and magnesium noncarbonate hardness, using design values for excess . Supply water and chemicals (caustic soda, lime wash or sodium carbonate) are injected into the bottom of the reactor and mixed intensively. Removal of CH with Lime Feed Only 6 Removal of Noncarbonate Hardness with Lime and . Cold lime softening uses chemical precipitation with lime and other chemicals to reduce a water s hardness and, in some cases, to enhance clarification before filtration. Determination of lime and soda ash dose requirements for water softening e use lime softening extensively in certain areas of Florida and have been for over 70 years. Given the following water compositions before and after an excess lime softening, calculate the amount (in mg / L) of Lime [Ca (OH) 2)] added and the amount (in mg / L) of sludge produced (Note, sludge includes Mg (OH) 2 and CaCO 3) Profile B. Lime soda water softening is the subject of this e-book. How clarifiers work Hardness causes problems with the water such as scaling in pipes and excessive usage of soap. A. calculations, 1400 lbs/MG of lime should be used. Enter ppm Ca. lime softening is to remove "hardness-causing" ions by converting them to particles. So the amount of water flow in each individual will be 130 / 2 =65 m3/hour. 9 pg. pH Adjustment/Coagulation - Hydrated lime is widely used to adjust the pH of water to prepare it for further treatment. Ca2+ (calcium ion) + CO32- (carbonate ion) + CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) = 2HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) When high magnesium water is softened, excess lime needs to be added to raise the pH above 11, and magnesium hydroxide precipitates out. As the softeners required are similar, equal flow of water will enter the two softeners. criteria for softening facilities. There is also information about three lime soda water softening process alternatives (two stage excess lime water softening, split treatment, and selective calcium removal), along with calculation of the dosages needed for lime, soda ash, and carbon dioxide. Hot-process softening is predominantly used in industrial applications and is not discussed here. Options for on-site erection depending on location and site access are also available. after softening, the water will have high ph and contain the excess lime and the magnesium hydroxide Spreadsheets for Lime Soda Water Softening Calculations There are logical choices (e.g. Alkalinity to be added to the water (mg/ L) = total alkalinity required (mg/ L) - (minus) alkalinity present in the water (mg/ L) much lime (the source of alkalinity) must be added. 7 pg. concentration of raw water is about 30 ppm. Volume Step 1: Enter Starting Water Profile Step 5: View Resulting Water Profile Step 3: View Mash pH Distilled water Mash pH (from chart) If your water report gives Sulfate as Sulfur (SO 4-S) such as a Ward Lab's report, multiply by that by 3 to get SO 4 Chalk In Salbukh water treatment plant, silica. The second plant's During lime softening process calcium and magnesium are precipitated. Fig -1 Figure 1: Soda lime water softening process. Ion exchange softening is covered in Chapter 12, and membrane processes that . The chemicals increase the pH of the water so that calcium carbonate, lime, leaves the solution and crystallizes on the fine sand in the form of rock-hard balls, the pellets. The purity of lime is 70% and soda is BS% Ca(HCO 3) = 30.2 , Mg(HCO 3) = 20.8 ,CaCI 2 = 28.1 ,MgCl 2 = 8.78, CaSO 4 = 35, MgSO 4 = 6.7 . Multiply the answer by your water hardness in grains per gallon (to convert mg/l or ppm to grains, divide by 17.1). Simply enter the calcium carbonate hardness in mg/L, and then enter the magnesium hardness in mg/L. Calculation for Sizing a Water Softener. If iron is present, add 5 grains for every ppm (mg/l) of iron (iron MUST be . Lime softening is the reduction of hardness by the application of hydrated lime to water to precipitate CaCO3, Mg(OH)2, or both. is generally in the range of 20 to 60 ppm. softening process to take place. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 H2CO3 + CaCO3 = Ca (HCO3)2 Cold Lime Softening Lime softening accomplished at ambient temperatures is referred to as cold lime softening. Lime Softening 1 Lime Softening . cause valves to stick due to the formation of calcium carbonate crystals . Prices can vary, but for the following calculations, the prices used include $510/dry ton for caustic soda, $130.50/ton for quicklime as delivered and $153.10/ton for hydrated lime as . This may be useful, because most American and British use American or British units and European use the standard metric units. treatment process necessary for softening this water is the excess lime process. Anything over 180 PPM is considered very hard water, so if you measure hardness as 220 PPM, it's a sign that your water is hard. Lime is used to remove carbonate harness, and both . This aids in the preparation of water for direct cooling tower makeup or as a first-stage treatment followed by ion exchange for boiler makeup or RO Reject recycle. It also explains how cold lime softening works, and provides guidance on maintaining system reliability. Explain with chemical equations and calculate the amount of lime and soda needed for softening 1,00,000 litres of water containing the following: HCl = 7.3 mg/L, Al 2 (SO 4) 3 = 34.2 mg/L ; MgCl 2 = 9.5 mg/L ; NaCl = 29.25 mg/L Purity of lime is 90% and that of soda 98%. Hardness in water is due to the presence of divalent cations, primarily calcium and magnesium, in that water. This article first covers how gravity clarifiers work, some of the chemicals used in clarification, proper chemical feeding procedures, and clarifier equipment designs. All these units together make the lime softener a complicated unit operation. Lime-soda ash softening is assumed to be capable of reducing calcium and magnesium to empirically determined 11practical limits11 of 0.6 - 0.8 meq/1 and 0.2 meq/1, respectively. There might be more economical ways to soften your water without generating a mountain of lime sludge. Welcome to Iowa Publications Online - Iowa Publications Online Chemicals normally used are lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) . Use dolomitic lime if the Ca:Mg ratio is above 10:1. Estimate the carbonic acid concentration. Water treatment operators benefit from watching this DVD by better understanding what hard water is, the problems it causes in the distribution system and for consumers, and how and why . jerry2363 (Chemical) (OP) 4 Jan 07 01:06. cub3bead, happy new year. Problem Lime sludges are dense and will tend to settle, however, it is recommended that 10 mgL-1 of an alumina coagulant be added to capture the lime fines. 9. . Calculate the quantity of the pure lime and soda required for softening of 1,00,000 litres of water containing the following impurities in ppm. It should be stressed that the coagulant is present only to capture the lime fines and not to coagulate raw water turbidity. Compared to lime softening and sodium chloride (NaCL) zeolite softening technologies, nanofiltration membrane softening is a less-expensive alternative. cycles of concentrationbut the disadvantage is the risk of post-precipitation of lime. Lime softening, the most widely used precipitation process, serves well to illus- trate the importance of four key variables in precipitation: (1) solubility, (2) par- ticle charge, (3) temperature, and (4) time. inorganic fraction of the operational MLSS LIME SOFTENING = ALKALINITY REMOVAL Lime is commonly used in potable water to "soften,"or remove hardness minerals, such as calcium and magnesium from drinking water, in an effort to minimize the effects of potential scaling in the water distribution system. The FilmTec NF270 nanofiltration membrane, for example, offers low salt rejection, low energy consumption, and stable performance after repetitive cleaning. First, determine your calcium:magnesium ratio. Using either flocculating and softening regime, only about half of the orig inal 260 mg/1 of hardness was removed. We normally tolerate a final total hardness on the . chemistry of lime soda process the amount of lime required in (meq/l) = carbon dioxide (meq/l) + carbonate hardness (meq/l) + magnesium ion (meq/l) + 1.25 (meq/l) the amount of soda ash required in (meq/l) = noncarbonate hardness (meq/l). The LSI is basically a way to determine if water is corrosive (negative LSI) or scale-forming (positive LSI). Effective use of coagulants helps remove silica in the softening process. Lime softening was abandoned on the premise that the effective hardness removal did not warrant softening can be achieved by adding lime in the form of limewater, ca (oh)2, which, in a carbonatation reaction with co2, forms calcium carbonate precipitate, reacts next with multivalent cations to remove carbonate hardness, then reacts with anions to replace the non-carbonate hardness due to multivalent cations with non-carbonate hardness due 1 pg. 2 Water Softening 1. The solubilities of calcium, magnesium, and silica are reduced by increased temperature. Calculators. 10% of chemicals are to be used in excess in order to complete the . Reducing the pH of the lime-softened water to under 8.6 through aeration or acid addition is desirable. All Answers (4) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (caustic soda) may be utilized for chemical precipitation. Ion-Exchange Softening is a common household water softening method that uses salt (sodium chloride or potassium chloride) to soften water. Calculations are presented for daily chemical requirements and solids production rates. membrane fouling in the reverse osmosis units. Revise if necessary. Silica content in brackish water. 1 pg. With these calculators you can calculate Anglo-American units to the standards units (SI-units). Percent lime Required by Specification Depth in Inches Soil Density Total Pounds Applied per Square Yard (This field will be populated automatically) 3 3 61 1 1 [ ] 305 6.1 10 / 50 1000 61 HCO . Slaked Lime Ca(OH) 2 Base - Other Typically 2.0%. Determine/calculate the mg/L lime required by using a proportion that relates bicarbonate alkalinity to . In this process Calcium and Magnesium ions are precipitated by the addition of lime (Ca(OH) 2) and soda . II.) Section 4.2 - Calculations Table of Contents Lime Softening Study Guide - January 1994 Edition pg. Softening was tried using lime as the sole flocculating agent and using lime with ferric sulfate as a conjunctive coagulant. Carbon dioxide and carbonate hardness (calcium and Magnesium bicarbonate) are complexed by lime. Cold lime softening, also known as Clark's process, is used to reduce the hardness, alkalinity, silica, and other constituents of raw water. Allowing the plant to run for 22 hours, and leaving 2 spare hours for regeneration of the cation exchange resin, the output between . Lime softening produces large volumes of a mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide in a very finely divided white precipitate which may also contain some organic matter flocculated out of the raw water. Softening James Norberg Follow this and additional works at:https://commons.und.edu/theses . Water Softening 215 Solution Because the alkalinity is greater than the total hardness, all the hardness is carbonate hardness: Total hardness (mg/L) as CaCO 3 = Carbonate hardness (mg/L) as CaCO 3 105 mg/L as CaCO 3 = Carbonate hardness No noncarbonate hardness is present in this water. However its . Processing or disposal of this sludge material may be an additional cost to the process. CALCULATIONS OF LIME AND SODA ASH CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED FORWATER SOFTENING. Yes. Lime softening has been proven to remove a wide variety of contaminants including tannins, arsenic, barium, lead, nickel, cadmium, chromium and other metals. 85% of that amount is added to the first sample, 100% is added to the 2nd sample and 115% is added to the 3rd sample. The warm lime softening process operates in the temperature range of 120-140F (49-60C). We accomplish this by using the ratio on below equation. Chemical precipitation is one of the more common methods used to soften water. Note: A dose of 1 mg/L of aluminium sulphate reacts with 5.3 mg/L of alkalinity expressed as CaCO3 []Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)) is considered in the lime dosage calculations According to Wang (), recarbonation is defined as "(a) the process of introducing carbon dioxide, CO 2, as a final stage in the lime-soda ash softening process in order to convert carbonates to bicarbonates and thereby stabilize the solution against precipitation of carbonates, (b) the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas through liquid to replace the carbon dioxide gas removed by the addition of . Enter the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) values from your soil test report. Lime sludges cannot be returned to the Also there are logical choices and numerous equations used in calculating chemical dosages for lime soda water softening . Chemical requirement and product composition for lime-soda softening is usually calculated using the bar diagram method and its variations (3,5). the two stage excess lime softening process, if concentrations are known or can be calculated for CO2, calcium carbonate hardness, calcium noncarbonate hardness, magnesium carbonate hardness, and magnesium noncarbonate hardness, using design values for excess lime concentration and lower limit of residual magnesium hardness. Multiply the number of people in your family times 70 (gallons of water used per day, national average). Limitation of Soda Lime Process: Lime soda softening cannot produce a water at completely free of hardness because of the solubility (little) of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2. Spreadsheets for Lime Soda Water Softening Calculations There are logical choices (e.g. Calculate Lime Dosage Requirement in Sedimentation Process. Hence, the net flow per softener is 65 m3/hour. 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